What distinguishes ionizing radiation from non-ionizing radiation?

Ionizing radiation is characterized by its ability to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, leading to the formation of ions. This process can disrupt atomic structures and cause chemical changes within cells, which may lead to biological damage, such as mutations or cell death. Examples of ionizing radiation include X-rays, gamma rays, and particles like alpha and beta particles.

In contrast, non-ionizing radiation, which includes visible light, microwaves, and radio waves, does not have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms. While it can still interact with matter and produce heat or other effects, it generally does not lead to ionization. Therefore, the distinguishing feature of ionizing radiation is its capability to cause ionization in atoms, which has significant implications for safety and health, particularly in medical and environmental contexts.

The other choices do not accurately capture the differences between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation is not exclusively natural, and while it tends to be less harmful, it is not accurate to claim that ionizing radiation is always harmful or that non-ionizing radiation is always safe.