Which two effects are most commonly observed in long-term radiation workers?

Cataracts and carcinogenesis are indeed the two effects most commonly observed in long-term radiation workers. Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to the development of cataracts, which are opacities that form in the lens of the eye, affecting vision. This condition is particularly significant among radiation workers, as the eyes can be directly exposed to radiation during various medical or industrial procedures.

Additionally, carcinogenesis, or the initiation of cancer formation, is a well-documented risk associated with long-term exposure to radiation. Ionizing radiation can cause damage to the DNA in cells, leading to mutations that may result in cancer over time. The risk of developing various types of cancers increases with higher cumulative doses of radiation, making both cataracts and cancer significant concerns for those working in fields with regular radiation exposure.

In contrast, while skin burns and respiratory issues can result from certain types of radiation exposure or specific incidents, they are not typically the predominant long-term effects seen in workers exposed to low doses of radiation over extended periods. Nausea and vomiting are acute effects that usually occur as immediate responses to high doses of radiation rather than chronic effects. Hair loss and fatigue can occur due to other medical conditions or treatment regimens but do not specifically correlate as